The astronomical unit (AU), which Nature News calls “the rough distance from the Earth to the Sun” and Wikipedia refers to as “the average distance between the Earth and the Sun (roughly speaking)”, has been defined as fixed at 149,597,870,700 metres. This standard was adopted by unanimous vote at the International Astronomical Union’s meeting in Beijing in August 2012.
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Neil deGrasse Tyson: Culturally an academic
I listened to Samuel Hansen’s interview with local-boy-made-good Neil deGrasse Tyson (that’s an in joke for those who have listened, so you’d better go and listen, right?).
They speak about mathematics in astrophysics (“math in astrophysic”?), space exploration & research, outreach and more.
In talking mathematics, Dr Tyson covers an unplanned impact of mathematics and also offers this gem:
You visit China you want to speak Chinese so you can communicate with the culture. If you want to talk to the Universe you have to know mathematics.
Perhaps the most interesting part of their conversation, to me, is the discussion of outreach and helping children develop and grow their natural enthusiasm and curiosity into a career in science. Dr Tyson also engagingly makes the case for fundamental research and investment in science research in economic terms, including the role of scientists in communicating their work to the public.
The interview was a really interesting and engaging eighteen minutes of audio. I am grateful that Dr Tyson and others are willing to give a little time to this sort of activity, and once again grateful that Samuel somehow manages to eke out a living, for the moment, while producing this sort of content. If you have it in your power to somehow help him to keep doing this, please do so (possibilities range from offering him somewhere to sleep in LA later this month to offering Samuel a job which makes the most of his talents).
One part of the interview that really resonated with me was when Samuel asked about Dr Tyson moving away from more traditional academic work towards what I would call outreach – writing books and broadcasting – and administration – directing the Hayden Planetarium – while still calling himself an academic. In his answer Dr Tyson describes himself as “culturally an academic”.
People often ask what I do and its quite hard for some people to understand because I’m not easily pigeonholed. This was brought home this week when I gave my history of cryptography lecture at Salford and my host presented the awkward question, “how should I introduce you?”
Technically I have an administrator employment contract and part of my job is administering funding and collecting and collating reports, yet I see my primary interest as teaching mathematics at university and my work as doing or developing research into improving that teaching. Although I am not an academic in the sense of doing mathematical research and being employed on an academic contract, my research is into teaching and I engage in academic-like activities like teaching, outreach, attending conferences and active membership of professional bodies and learned societies. I see my future as being a mathematics lecturer whose research is into improving his teaching. I like the notation of seeing myself as “culturally an academic”.
What is mathematics?
This morning on Twitter Tony Mann asked the question: “This morning’s class is “What is Mathematics?” Answers in a tweet please.” Answers were collected via the #MATH1103 hashtag.
Some of the answers were what you might expect: patterns, abstraction, order.
Stuart Ravn sent a series of tweets giving his views:
Math is everything you can do with the abilities to count and deduce. There’s literally no end to the fun you can have. No joke.
Math is the only thing which is truly universal; it underlies and makes it possible to understand and communicate with everything.
Everything, immediately or ultimately, is mathematical and arises from mathematics.
Ask yourself what isn’t mathematics, and try to prove yourself right.
Noam Chomsky said of love, “I can’t tell you what it is, but life’s empty without it.” The same is viscerally true of mathematics.
I don’t just have enthusiasm for maths. I love it. It’s the closest thing to my heart after my family. I’m emotional about it.
Noel-Ann Bradshaw noted that “What is mathematics?” is the name of “an excellent book by Courant & Robbins revised by Stewart“. I have the tenth printing from 1960. Although this has a lot to say on the subject, it opens a discussion of historical development with:
Mathematics as an expression of the human mind reflects the active will, the contemplative reason, and the desire for aesthetic perfection. Its basic elements are logic and intuition, analysis and construction, generality and individuality. Though different traditions may emphasise different aspects, it is only the interplay of these antithetic forces and the struggle for their synthesis that constitute the life, usefulness, and supreme value of mathematical science.
I was interested in a related question: When does mathematics become something else? At some point some topic is clearly applied maths and at some point it is physics, astronomy, engineering, economics, computer science, biology, and so on.
We struggle with this a little on the Math/Maths Podcast, where we try to report news from mathematics and its applications. On Twitter I said that I think I tend to stray a little further from that which is unambiguously mathematics than does Samuel Hansen. We both report applications but I think mine are often more tangential than Samuel’s. This was quite noticeable on episode 80 this week when Samuel picked me up on an astrophysics story I was defending as involving statistical models. He said:
This is ‘Math/Maths’, not ‘Stat/Stats’, and it’s definitely not ‘Astronomy/Astronomies’. I’m assuming you put ‘s’ at the end of every single science – you have ‘Chemistries’ and ‘Physicses’, right?
and later
Now you’ve turned us into ‘Geology/Geologies’.
Answering my question on Twitter, Samuel said: “if an application has been around long enough to have own name, Physics astronomy or thermodynamics. It’s not math“. I don’t fundamentally disagree with this and some disciplines, notably computer science, were born this way. However, Sharon Evans made a very practical (if teasing) counter-point: “so it’s only maths if it hasn’t got a name? You’re not leaving much to report on in [the podcast]“.
Clarissa Wornack replied to say “Well, when you start writing code; it’s IT/software eng/comp sci; if you create something that is a material object; it’s eng” and Charles Brain said “Applied maths becomes Engineering when it hits the real world and money becomes part of the equation!” I don’t particularly agree with these. I know people who use high end computing to do mathematics and just because they are using computing as a tool (and writing bespoke code) this doesn’t mean they are doing computer science research. I also don’t agree that it stops being applied maths when it creates a material object. Defining mathematics as that which doesn’t involve the real world or money seems very self-defeating.
Felipe Pait offered this definition: “Applied math interests mathematicians and non mathematicians. Otherwise it’s pure math, or pure engineering. Math stops being applied math and becomes pure physics when it doesn’t interest mathematicians. An operational definition.”
There’s something in this. When I think about “what is mathematics?” I am really thinking “what can mathematicians do?” I am particularly interested in what university mathematics graduates might become and would like this to be a broad as possible. I meet a lot of mathematics researchers working in different application areas. For example, back when I was doing the Travels in a Mathematical World podcast for the IMA I spoke to Paul Shepherd. I am much more naturally inclined to consider Paul a mathematician working in architecture than an architecture researcher who once did a maths degree. By extension, I am happy to include Paul’s use of geometry in architecture as part of mathematics than to exclude it.
Daniel Colquitt suggested “a lot depends on the user” and “in many cases, the distinction is arbitrary“. I think this may be the wisest view on the subject I have heard. From my point of view I am biased towards including topics on the edge within mathematics rather than excluding them, and maybe even collecting a little of the host subject along with them. I would rather cast the arbitrary net as wide as possible.